Assist.Prof.Dr.Ibrahim Ahmed Abed Al Samarrai
Dep. law / Cihan Uni.-Erbil- Iraq
https://orcid.org/my-orcid?orcid=0000-0002-6947-8569
DOI : https://doi.org/10.47191/ijmra/v8-i03-34Google Scholar Download Pdf
ABSTRACT:
Since the Second World War and after the adoption of the principle of the Prohibition of the use of force in international relations in the charter, many states still do not respect this principle and give priority to their interests, so they occupy other territories under various pretexts in order to legitimize their actions, and the occupation may continue for long periods without fulfilling their obligations under international and humanitarian law. In the face of occupation, States and peoples exercise their right to legitimate defense and resist the occupier by all civil and military means in order to exercise their right to self-determination. The int`l courts had a role in prosecuting the occupied countries and holding their officials accountable, so that it became a significant legacy in international relations, and the United Nations, through the Security Council and the General Assembly, contributed to confronting the issues of occupation and providing the necessary protection to the resistant peoples and the success of their attempts to counter the occupation.
KEYWORDS:occupation, resistance, violations, responsibility, UN, Security Council
REFERENCES1) Admin.USA (2003),Address to the Nation on Iraq. Washin. : 39 WEEKLY COMP. PRES. DOC. 338, 339 (Mar. 17
2) Al-Haq (2020),Establishing Guidelines to Determine whether the Legal Status of ‘Area C’ in the Occupied Palestinian Territory represents Annexed Territory under Int`l Law. Al- Haq , Defending HRs.
3) Amirav, M. (2007),The Jerusalem Syndrome Israel's Unification Policy Delusions, 1967-2007. Jerosalem: https://kotar.cet.ac.il/KotarApp/Viewer.aspx?nBookID=68337791#9.5768.6.fitwidth.
4) Anderson, B. R. (1995), East Timor and Indonesia: Some Implications’. In East Timor at the Crossroads : Forging of Nation, ed.P.Carey & G.C.Bebtley. Cassell, London.
5) Arai-Takahashi, Y. (2019), Unearthing the Problematic Terrain of Prolonged Occupation. Israel L. Rev. , 52 (2), 45.
6) Ariel Sharon, S. P. (2003), Herzliya Conference in 2002 on the website of the. Tel-Aviv: Prime Minister’s Office: http://www.pm.gov.il/PMO/Archive/Speeches/2003/12/Speeches8996.htm.
7) Army,2023 Manual (2023), USA Army Field Manuals: A Resource Guide and Inventory: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army_Field_Manuals supra note 42, at 143.
8) Authority, C. P. (2003), Regulation Number 2, CPA/REG/10 June 2003/02, at 1,. http://www.cpa-iraq.org/regulations/REG2.pdf.
9) Azarova, V. (2012), ‘Disingenuous “Disengagement”: Israel’s Occupation of the Gaza Strip and the Protective Function of the Law of Belligerent Occupation’, Opinio Juris ,24 April. http://www.opiniojuris.org/2012/04/24/disingenuous-disengagement-israels-occupation-of-the-gaza-strip- and-the-protective-.
10) B’Tselem, u. (2016), 17,898 Days: Almost Fifty Years of Occupation 4 ,June. at http://www.btselem.org/publications/201606_reality_check.
11) Bacon, D. (2003, Nov. 9), The Bush Administration War Against Iraqi Workers and Unions. L.A.TIMES, http://reclaimdemocracy.org/articles_2003/iraqi_workrs_unions.html.
12) Barkowski, M. J. (2013), Recovering Nonviolent History: Civil Resistance in Liberation Struggles. Boulder, Colo: Lynne Reinner Publisher , P.84.
13) Barringer, F. (2003, Mar. 20), Critics Say U.S. Lacks Legal Basis for Attack. N. Y. Times, p. at A19.
14) Barume, A. (2005), Indigenous Battling for Land Rights: The Case of the Ogiek of Kenya,. 365 (Joshua Castellino & Niamh Walsh eds.,.
15) Bassioni, C. (1971), Self-determination and the Palestinians. 65(4) AJIL 32, 32.
16) Bekker, P. H. (2003), The Legal Status of Foreign Economic Interest in Occupied Iraq. Newsletter of the American Society of Int`l Law 1, 9-11, n. 16 (July).
17) Benenisti, E. (1994), Responsibility for the Protection of HRs under the Interim Israeli-PalestinianA greements, . 28 IsR. LAw REV., 308.
18) Ben-Hillel, Y. (2013), The Legal Status of East Jerosalem. Norgian Refugee Council (NRC).
19) Ben-Naftali, O. ,. (2005), Illegal Occupation: Framing the Occupied Palestinian Territory. BERKELEY JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL LAW, Vol.23:3, 557.
20) Bērziņš, J. (2014), Russia’s New Generation Warfare in Ukraine: Implications for Latvian Defence Policy. Riga: National Defence Academy of Latvia, Center for Security and Strategic Research, April, 10.
21) Binnendijk, A. & (2021),Civilian-Based Resistance in the Baltic States . RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, Calif.
22) Blum, Y. (1968), The Missing Reversioner: Reflections on the Status of Judea and Samaria, . 3 ISR. L. REV, 279.
23) Boon, K. (2005), Legislative Reform in Post-conflict Zones: Jus Post Bellum and the Contemporary Occupant’s Law-Making Powers. MCGILL LAW JOURNAL / REVUE DE DROIT DE MCGIL, Vol.50,293, 302,307
24) Boon, K. E. (2009), Obligations of the New Occupier: The Contours of Jus Post Bellum. Loyola of Los Angeles International and Comparative Law Review, Vol.31, No.1 Symposium—Transformation in Iraq: From Ending a Modern War to Creating a Modern Peace, Article 4, 65.
25) Boskoski, P. v. (2008), J. Tarculovski (Judgment) , 175. International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia.
26) Brabandera, E. D. (2009), Post- Conflict Administrations in Int`l L. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data.
27) Brazil, S. (2003), UN Doc. S/PV.4721 at18. New York: UN.
28) Buchan, R. (2007), Int`l Community and the Occupation of Iraq. J. of Conflict & Security ,Vol.12, No.1 , 37-64.
29) Buchan, R. (2023), Non-forcible measures and the law of self-defence. Int`l and Comparative L. , 72(1), 25.
30) Budiardjo, C. ..–1 (1986), The Politics of Transmigration. 16 Ecologist 1, 111-116.
31) Burunham, &. O. (2006), Mortality after the 2003 invasion of Iraq: A cross-sectional cluster sample survey. Lancet Online, 11 October, DOI:10.1016/S0140-6736 (06)69491. http://www.thelancet.com/webfiles/images/journals/lancet/s0140673606694919.pdf.
32) Case, E. T. (1995), I.C.J. 90, 102, ¶ 29; ILC Draft Articles, supra note 19, at 113 (commentary to art. 40 ¶ 5). Hague: ICJ.
33) Castellino, J. (2008), Territorial Integrity and the Right’ to Self-Determination: An Examination of the Conceptual Tools. 33(2) Brooklyn JIL, 507.
34) Cavanaugh, K. A. (2002), Selective Justice: The Case of Israel and the Occupied Territories. FORDHAMINTERNATIONAL IAWJOURNAL,Vol. 26, Issue 4, 944,954
35) Cerone, J. (2006), HUMAN DIGNITY IN THE LINE OF FIRE : The Application of Int`l H. Rs.Law During Armed Conflflict, Occupation, and Peace Operation. Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law ,Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Laol.39, Issue 5, 1493.
36) Charney, J. (1999), NATO’s Kosovo Intervention: Anticipatory Humanitarian Intervention in Kosovo. 93 AM. J. INT’L L. , 834,837.
37) Chenoweth, E. &. (2019), “Violence Is a Dangerous Route for Protesters. Foreign Policy , Dec.18.
38) Chinkin, C. (1989), The Challenge of Soft Law: Development and Change in Int`l Law,. 38 INT'L' & COMP. L.Q., 850 , 856-859.
39) Clines, F. X. (1998, Dec. 17), Impeachment in the House Delayed Clinton Launches Iraq Air Strike, Citing Military Need to Move Swiftly. N.Y. TIMES.
40) Comm. H.R. Res. (2005), nonrecognition of the Israeli annexation of the Syrian Golan Heights/8. New York: UN.
41) Commissioner, H. f. (2022), Ukrainian asylum seekers were registered in European countries by 3 August 2022. UN.
42) Committee, O. 2. (2023), The Legality of the Israel Occupation of the Occupied Palestinian Territory , Includind East Jerusalem, the Exercise of the Alienable Rights of the Palestinian People. Irish Centre of HRs, Uni. Galway, P.17,25
43) Conference, P. (2003), UN Secretary-General Kofi Annan. Press Conference UN Secretary-General Kofi Annan. Hague: The Hague, The Netherlands : http://www.un.org/apps/sg/printoffthecuff.asp?nid=394#.
44) Court, J. U. (2024), Justia U.S. Supreme Court Center. https://supreme.justia.com/.
45) Croissan, A. & (2018), Mass Protests and the Military. Journal Democracy , Vol.29, No.3 ,July.
46) Cronin-Furman, K. (2006), The ICJ and the UNSC: Rethinking a Complicated Relationship’,. 106 Colombia L Rev., 435, at 459-460.
47) Crossette, B. (1998, Nov. 6), U.N., Avoiding Talk of Force, Criticizes Iraq on Arms Team. N.Y. TIMES6,, p. At A1.
48) Cummings, E. R. (974), Note, Oil Resources in Occupied Arab Territories Under the Law of Belligerent Occupation, . 9 J. Int'l L. & Econ., 553,558.
49) Cyprus v. Turkey, (1976), App. No. 6780/74,. 4 EUR. H.R. REP. 482.
50) Damrosh, L. F. (2003), Agora: Future Implications of the Iraq Conflict , Vol. 97. AJIL , 553-555.
51) De Wet, E. (2004), The Direct Administration of Territories by the UN and its Members in the Post Cold War Era: Legal Bases and Implications for National War. Max Planck UNYB 8, 291 et seq.
52) Decree, P. N. (2022), On the Recognition of the Donetsk People’s Republic & On the Recognition of the Luhansk People’s Republic. Mosku: Russian Government.
53) Diamond, L. (2005), Squandered Victory. The American Occupation and the Bungled Effort to Bring Democracy to Iraq. New York: New York: Times Books.
54) Din, Y. (2014), A Legal Analysis of the Report of the Committee to Examine the Status of Building in Judea and Samaria [the West Bank] (“The Levy Committee”) – Int`l& Administrative Aspects. The Emile Zola for HRs, The Haim Striks School of Law, PP.9-12.
55) Dinstein, Y. (2004), legislation Under Art. 43 of the Hague Regulations : Belligerent Occupation & Peacebuilding. In Y. Dinstein, OCCASIONAL PAPER SERIES (p. 4). Harv.Uni. - Program on Humanitarian Policy and Conflict Research-Occasional Paper Series.
56) Doc., U. (2003), S/2003/538 at paras. 90-93 , UN S/2003/538. New York: UN.
57) Dodge, T. (2009), Coming face to face with bloody reality: Liberal common sense and the ideological failure of the Bush doctrine in Iraq. Int`l Politics , Vol.46,2/4, 254,256, 267
58) Domisiewicz, R. (2005), Consolidating the Security Sector in Post-Conflict States: Polish Lessons from Iraq. In A. H. Ebnother, After Intervention : Public Security Management in Post Conflict Societies-From Instruction to Sustainable Local Ownership (p. 164). Vienna & Geneva : Bureau for Security Policy at the Austrian Ministry of Defence;National Defence Academy, Vienna & Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces Geneva PfP-Consortium of Defence Academies and Security Studies Institutes.
59) Dotan, Y. (1999), Judicial Rhetoric, Government Lawyers and HRs: the Case of the Israeli High Court of Justice During the Intifada. 33 L. & SoC'Y REV. 319.
60) Dudai, R. (2001), Free Rein: Vigilant Settlers and Israel's Non-Enforcement of the Law. Library of Congress : https://www.loc.gov/item/2010509754/.
61) Dugard, J. 1.-1 (1987), Recognition and the UN. London: Cambridge.
62) Editorial (2005), Tal Afar Turning Point?,. WALL ST. J., Sept. 15, 2005, , p. at A20.
63) Erakat, N. (2012), No, Israel Does Not Have the Right to Self-Defense In Int`l Law Against Occupied Palestinian Territory. https://www.jadaliyya.com/Details/27551.
64) Farrell, B. (2002), Israeli Demolition of Palestinian Houses as a Punitive Measure: Application of Int`l Law to Regulation . 119, 28 BROOK. J. INT’L L, 871, 885-886.
65) Fiala, O. C. (2020), Resistance Operating Concept (ROC). The JSOU Press, MacDill Air Force Base, Florida , P. ix, 22.
66) Filia, O. (2019), Resistance Operating Concept. Stockholm: Swaden Uni.
67) Fox, G. H. (2012), “Transformative Occupation and the Unilateralist Impulse”. 885 Int`l Review of the Red Cross, March, 237.
68) Fuegner, R. S. (2014), A Nation Defiant: Polish Resistance to the German Occupation of Poland. . Edina, MN: Beaver’s Pond Press.
69) GA, R. (1968). GA Res.2444, 19Dec. New York: UN.
70) GA.Res. (2004), GA Res. ES-10/15, 20 July 2004, para. 3. New York: UN.
71) GAOR, U. (1991), Report of the Secretary-General , U.N. GAOR, 46th Sess., Supp. No. 1, at 10-11, U.N. Doc. A/46/1. New York: UN.
72) Gardam, Judith Gail - Lynch, Colum (1993,2002 , Oct. 23), Proportionality and Force in Int`l Law - France and Russia Raise New Objections to Iraq Plan. Wash.Post, pp. 391, At A22.
73) Geeraerts, G. (1978), Two Approaches to Civilian Defence. Security Dialogue, Vol.9, No.4, Oct., 316.
74) Geneva (1949), Geneva Civilian Convention, supra note 34, art. 64, 6 U.S.T. at 3558, 75 U.N.T.S. at 328. U.N.T.S.
75) Germany, S. (2003), UN Doc. S/PV.4721 at 4. New York: UN.
76) Gill, T. (1995), Legal and Some Political Limitations on the Power of the UNSC to Exercise its Enforcement Powers Under Chapter VII of the Charter. 26NETH. Y.B. INT’L L., 33.
77) Goodman, D. P. (1985), The Need for Fundamental Change in the Law of Belligerent Occupation,. 37 STAN. L. REV., 1573, 1585-1586.
78) Gray, C. (1992), After the Ceasefire: Iraq, the SC and the Use of Force. 65 BRIT. Y.B. INT’L L. , 135, 139-140.
79) Green, J. ,. (2022), Russia’s Attackon Ukraine & the jus ad bellum. 9 J. on the use of Force & Int`l L., PP.4-30.
80) Greenwood, C. (2003), Int`l Law and the Pre-emptive Use of Force: Afghanistan Al-Qaida, and Iraq. SAN DIEGO INT'L L.J. , Vol.4:7, 31,33
81) Gross, A. (2017), The Writing on the Wall: Rethinking the Int`l Law of Occupation. London: Cambridge Uni.Press, Cambridge.
82) Gross, A. M. (2004), The Constitution, Reconciliation, and Transitional Justice: Lessons from South Africa and Israe. 40 STAN. J. INT'L. L. 47.
83) Habermas, J. (1996), Between Facts and Norms: Contributions to a Discourse Theory of Law and Democracy. trans. William Rehg.
84) Hahn, E. H. (2018), Special Topics in Irregular Warfare: Understanding Resistance, Assessing Revolutionary and Insurgent Strategies. Fort Bragg: United States Army Special Operations Command, PP.143-145.
85) Halberstam, M. (1996), ‘The Right to Self-Defense Once the Security Council Takes Action’ (1995–96). 17Michigan J Intl L ,Issue 2, 229, 244ff.
86) Harris, J. (2011), Repor t in g Wa r? The Ch a r g e of t h e Knight s. ORCA, Re construction 1 1 , 4 , Cardiff Uni. institution alrepository : https://orca.cardiff.ac.uk/id/ eprint /109654/, 4-5.
87) HCJ 337/71, HCJ 256/72, HCJ 61/80 (1971,1972, 1980), Al-Jamaya al-Masihiya lil-Aradi al-Muqadasa v. Minister of Defense, PD 26(1) 574, 580. , Jerusalem District Electric Company Ltd. v. Minister of Defense, PD 27(1) 124, 137-8; HCJ Haetzni v. State of Israel, PD 34(3) 595, 597; HCJ 69/. Tel -Aviv: Higher Court Justice.
88) HCJ, 2 (2002), Rabah v. Jerusalem Court of Local Affairs. Tel Aviv: HCJ , 56(2) PD 930, 934-935.
89) Henkin, L. (1993), Int`L Law: Cases & Materials 930,3 ed. West Group, St. Paul, Minn., 2001.
90) Hess, D. & (2006), Repression, Backfire, and the Theory of Transformative Events. Mobilization , Vol.11, No.1, June , 257.
91) Hnativ, O. & (2022), The Effectiveness of Mechanism of Int`l . To Prevent the Breach of Peace in the Context of the Armed Attack of the Russian Federation on Ukraine. National Uni. of Lviv, Academia Letters, Article 5467.
92) Hnativ, O. (2023), Public Int`l Law in the Mechanism for Preventing Violations of Peace in the Context of an Armed Aggression by the Russian Federation on Ukraine. Pakistan Journal of Criminology, Vol. 15, No. 02, April-June, 296, 300.
93) Hoffmann, T. (2022), War or peace? – Int`l legal issues concerning the use of force in the Russia–Ukraine conflict. Hungarian Journal of Legal Studies 63: 3, 212.
94) Hofmann, R. (2002), Int`l Law and the Use of Military Force Against Iraq. German Year Book, Vol.45, 1.
95) Horowitz, M. C. (2018), Tactical Diversity in Militant Violence. Int`l Organization , Vol.72, No.1 , Winter.
96) ICJ (1970,1971,1975), Legal Consequences for States of the continued Presence of South Africa in Namibia (South West Africa) notwithstanding SC Res. 276 (1970) (Advisory Opinion), 21 June 1971, ICJ Reports 1971; Western Sahara (Advisory Opinion), 16 Octobe . Hague: ICJ.
97) ICJ, 1. (1984), Military and Paramilitary Activities in and against Nicaragua (Nicaragua v United States of America) (Judgement, Merits) . Hague: ICJ Reports 1984, p. 213, para. 237.
98) ICJ, B. (1970), Barcelona Traction Light and Power Co., Ltd., 5 February 1970, ICJ Reports 1970, para. 33. Hague: ICJ.
99) ICJ, E. T. (1995), East Timor (Portugal v. Australia), 30 June 1995, ICJ Reports 1995, para. 29. Hague: ICJ.
100) ICJ, I. W. (2004), Legal Consequences of the Construction of a Wall in the Occupied Palestinian. Hague: www.icj-cij.org/icjwww/idocket/imwp/imwpframe.htm.
101) ICTY (1997), V. Duško Tadić, Case. Hague: www.icty.org/x/cases/tadic/tjug/en/tad-tsj70507JT2-e.pdf.
102) ICTY (2008), Naletilic` & Martnovic` (IT-98-34) Case. Hauge: https://www.icty.org/en/case/naletilic_martinovic.
103) ILC (2001), Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts—Commentary. New York: ILC, (n 123) 52, -art 34, Report of the Int`l Law Commission on the work of its fifty-third session.
104) Imesis, A. (2003), “On the 4th Geneva Convention and the Occupied Palestinian Territory. 44 Harv. Int’l L.J., 65 at 87.
105) Int`l, A. (2003), Memorandum on Concerns Related to Legislation Introduced by the Coalition Provisional Authority. http://web.amnesty.org/library/index/ENGMDE141762003.
106) Int`l, A. (2017), Israel’s Occupation: 50 Years of Dispossession. Amnesty Internationa.
107) Iverson, J. M. (2017), The function of Jus Post Bellum in int`l law. Uni. Leiden, Netherlands, P.378.
108) Janet, H. (2011), Report ing War? The Ch a r g e of t h e Knights. ORCA , Kardiff Uni. , ins ti tut ion al r e posi tory:ht t ps://or c a.c a r diff.ac.uk/id/ ep r int /10 9 6 5 4/, 4-5.
109) Johnstone, J. (2003), SC Deliberations: the Power of the Better Argumen . 14 EJIL, 437, at 457.
110) Jones, L. (2010), (Post-)colonial state-building and state failure in East Timor: bringing social conflict back inFootnote. Conflict, Security & Development , Vol.10, Issue 4, 5.
111) Kennedy, D. (2006), Iraq: The Case for Losing. BROOK. J. INT’L L.,Vol. 31:3, 667,671
112) Khan KC, P. K. (24/May 2024), Statement of ICC Applications for arrest warrants in the situation in the State of Palestine. Hague: ICC.
113) Khan, K. A. (2023), Statement of ICC Prosecutor, on the Situation on Ukraine;. https://www.icc-cpi.int/news/statement-icc-prosecutor-karim-aa-khan-qc-situation-ukraine-i-have-been-closely-following.
114) Klisz, M. & (2022), Integrating Territorial Defence Forces into National Resistance Efforts: Lessons of the Polish Home Army's role within the World War II Polish Underground State and the Post-War Polish Independence Underground. Journal on Baltic Security,8(1), 96-97.
115) Knoll, B. 2. (2007), Legitimacy and UN Administration of Territory. JIL & POLICY Vol. IV, 2:5,13.
116) Kolb, R. (2008), Occupation in Iraq since 2003 and the powers of the UN Security Council. Int`l Review of Red Cross ,Volume 90 Number 869 March , 38.
117) Kontorovich, E. (2017), Unsettled: A Global Study of Settlements in Occupied Territories. NORTHWESTERN UNI. SCHOOL OF LAW, Journal of Legal Analysis, NO. 16-20 ,Volume 0, Number 0 ~: https://doi.org/10.1093/jla/lax004, Ref.5,P.3.
118) LANCASTER, M. N. (2006), Customary Int`l Occupational Law. MILITARY LAW REVIEW ,Vol. 189, 71-72.
119) Langenkamp, R. & (2003), What Happens to the Iraqi Oil ?: Thoughts on Some Significant, Unexamined Int`l Legal Question of Oil Fields. EJIL , Vol14, Issue 3, 424, 427.
120) Leonhard, R. e. (2013), Assessing Revolutionary and Insurgent Strategies: Undergrounds in Insurgent, Revolutionary and Resistance Warfare. 2nd Edition (Fort Bragg: USA Army Special Operations Command , P.140.
121) LIorance, C. (2007). Le principe du droit des peuples à disposer d’eux-mêmes et l’occupation étrangère, in Droit du pouvoir, pouvoir du droit. In m. o. Salmon, Droit du pouvoir, pouvoir du droit (p. 869). Bruxelles: https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/libro?codigo=277275.
122) Lipert-Sowa, M. a. (2022 ). A Response: The Promises and Pitfalls of Developing Pre-Crisis Clandestine Underground Resistance Organisations - Lessons of the WWII Polish Underground State. Journal on Baltic Security, 13.
123) Luckham, R. (2005), The Int`l Community and State. In A. H. Ebnother, After Intervention: Public Security Management in Post Conflict Societies-From Intervention to Sustainable Local Ownership (p. 16). Vienna & Geneva : Bureau for Security Policy at the Austrian Ministry of Defence;National Defence Academy, Vienna & Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces, Geneva in co-operation with PfP-Consortium of Defence Academies and Security Studies Institutes.
124) Lynk, M. (2018), Prologed Occupation or Illegal Occupant ? EJIL Talk ,16 May , Advanced Search,P.2.
125) Malanczuk, P. (1996). Some Basic Aspects of the Agreements Between Israel and the PLO from the Perspective of Int`l Law, . 7 EUR. J. INT'L L., 485.
126) Marcus, M. (2002), Humanitarian Intervention without Borders: Belligerent Occupation or Colonization? 25(1) Houston Journal of International Law, 1,102,113.
127) Martin, B. (2006), Justice Ignited: The Dynamics of Backfire. Lanham, Md.: Rowman & LitLittlefield.
128) McGoldrick, D. (2004), From ‘9–11’ to the Iraq war 2003 . Oxford : Hart Publishing, P.135.
129) -McGurk, B. H. (2005), Essay, Revisiting the Law of Nation-Building: Iraq in Transition 45 VA J. INT’L L. 45 VA J. INT’L L., 451, 460.
130) McMcarthy, C. (2005), The Paradox of the Int`l Law of Military Occupation: Sovereignty and the Reformation of Iraq. Journal of Conflict & Security Law 10, 43 et seq. (45).
131) Memorandum, B. (1994), Memorandum on Security Guarantees in Connection with Ukraine’s Accession to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons. https://treaties.un.org/Pages/showDetails.aspx?objid=0800000280401fbb.
132) Meron, T. (2017),The West Bank & IHl on the Eve of the 15TH Anniversary of the 6-Day War. AJIL, Vol. 111:2, 358,371
133) Mexico, S. (2003), UN Doc. S/PV.4721 at12. New York: UN.
134) Ministry, I. (2013), “1967: The Six-Day War and the Historic Reunification of Jerusalem. Foreign Affairs.
135) Ministry, I. F. (1996), Israel's Settlements: Their Confomrity with Int`l Law. Tel Aviv: http://www.israel-mfa.gov.il. , pt.3 , last modified Dec.1996.
136) Mitchell, A. &. (2002, Sep. 4), Bush to Put Case for Action in Iraq to Key Lawmakers. N.Y.Times, p. at A1.
137) Mulligan, S. P. (2022), The Law of War and the Russian Invasion of Ukraine. Congressional Research Service.
138) Mundy, J. &. (2015), “Western Sahara: Violence as a Last Resort,” in Véronique Dudouet, ed., Civil Resistance and -Conflict Transformation: Transitions from Armed to Nonviolent Struggle. New York: New York: Routledge.
139) Murphy, S. D. (2004), Assessing the Legality of Invading Iraq. 92 GEORGETOWN L. J. Issue No. 4, 5-7.
140) Nicolosi, S. F. (2012). The Lwa of Military Occupation & The Role of De Jure & De Facto. 31Polish Yearbook on Int`l L., 166,172.
141) Nix, M. (2012), Kosovo Liberation Army (KLA) , 1966-1999. In C. Crosset, Case Book on Insurgency & Revolutionary Warefare , Vol.II:1966-2009 (p. 372). John Hopkins Uni. .
142) O'Brien, W. V. (1983), The Conduct of Just and Limited War. Michigan Law Review, Vol.81, Issue 4, 133.
143) O'Connell, M. E. (1992), Continuing Limits on UN Intervention in Civil War, . 67 IND. L.J. , 903.
144) Ocran, T. M. (2002), he Doctrine of Humanitarian Intervention in Light of Robust Peacekeeping. 25 ,B.C. INT’L & COMP. L. REV. 1, 2, supra note 27, at 18;.
145) Ogirenko, V. (2024, May/June 23Feb.), Portraits of Men Killed in Bucha , Okraine . War Unbound :Gaza, Ukraine ,& the Breakdown of Int`l L. by Stuffer , Brian, p. 2,4
146) Ottolenghi, M. (2004), The Stars and Stripes in Al-Fardos Square: The Implications for the Int`l Law of Belligerent Occupation. FORDHAM LAW REVIEW, Vol.72, Issue 5, 2184,2192
147) Paust, J. (2003). The USA as Occupying Power over Portions of Iraq and Special Responsibilities under the Laws of War. Suffolk Transnational Law Review 17, 1 , 16 et seq.
148) Perez, A. F. (2004), Legal Frameworks for Economic Transition in Iraq - Occupation under the Law of War vs. Global Governance under the Law of Peace. Global Business & Development Law Journal, Vol. 18, Issue 1 Symposium: Markets in Transition: Article 8, 60.
149) Picone, P. (2008), La distinzione tra norme internazionali di jus cogens e norme che producono obblighi erga omnes. 91(1) Rivista di diritto internazionale 5, 7.
150) Praks, H. (2015), Hybrid or Not: Deterring and Defeating Russia’s Ways of Warfare in the Baltics—The Case of Estonia. Rome, Italy: Research Division, NATO Defense College, No. 124, Dec.
151) Presse, A. F. (2003, Mar. 17), The leaders’ two declarations: “We uphold a vision of int`l security. New York Times, 17 Mar.
152) Prime Minister’s Office, S. o. (2017), PM Netanyahu’s Remarks at the Opening Ceremony Marking the 50th Anniversary of the Reunification of Jerusalem, 21 May. Tel Aviv: http://www.pmo.gov.il/English/MediaCenter/Speeches/Pages/specch50Jerusalem210517.aspx.
153) Quigley, J. (1997), The Oslo Accords: More than Israel Deserves. AM. U. J. INT'L L. & POL'Y, Vol.21:2, 286.
154) Quigley, J. B. (2023), The Illegality of Israel’s 1967 Occupation of Palestine territory. Ohio State Legal Studies Research Paper No. 783 : https://ssrn.com/abstract=4502548 , P.9.
155) Quigley, John & Rempel,Terry (1996/1997 &1997), “Jerusalem The Illegality of Israel's Encroachment”& “The Significance of Israel's Partial Annexation of East Jerusalem. The Palestine Yearbook of International Law Vol. 9, 19,& The Middle East Journal ,Vol. 51(4),, 30& 520 autumn,526.
156) Raporteur Especial, U. (2007), The U.N. Special Rapporteur on the situation of HRs in the Palestinian territories occupied since 1967. New York: UN.
157) Rapporteur, S. (2002), Report of the Special Rapporteur of the Commission on Human Rights on the Situation of HRs in the Palestinian Territories Occupied By Israel Since 1967 (A/57/366), Aug.29. New York: UN.
158) Reg., U. (2000), On the Establishment of the Ombudsperson Institution in Kosovo. UNMIK Reg. No. 2000/38.
159) Richiie, A. (2019), Warsaw 1944: Hitler, Himmler, and the Warsaw uprising. New York: NY: Picador.
160) Robert, A. (2006), Transformative military occupation: Applying the laws of war and HRs. AJIL, Vol. 100, 614-615.
161) Roberts, A. (1990), Prolonged Military Occupation: The Israeli-Occupied Territories Since 1967. 84 AJIL, 44, 47.
162) Ronen, Y. 2. (2008), Illegal Occupation and Its Consequences. Israel Law Review · Vol. 41 Nos. 1 & 2,November,, 205.
163) Ronen, Y. (2012), Illegal Occupation and Its Consequences. London: Cambridge Uni. Press.
164) Roscini, M. (2015), ON the ‘Inherent’ Right to Self-defence. Cambri.e J. of Int`al and Comp. L. , Vol 4 Issue 3, 653.
165) Rosser, A. (2009), ‘Rebuilding Governance in Failed States: The Case of Timor Leste`. In governance & the Depoliticisation of Development . ed.W.Hout & R.Robison, Routledge, London .
166) Russia, S. (2003), UN Doc. S/PV.4721 at 8 (Mar. New York: UN.
167) Ruys, T. (2010), Armed Attack” and Article 51 of the UN Charter, Evolutions in Customary Law and. CUP, https://www.amazon.com/Armed-Attack-Charter-International-Comparative/dp/0521766648.
168) S.C., R. 1 (2004)., Res. 1546. Newyork: UN.
169) Sahovic, M. (1972), Principles of Int`l Law Concerning Friendly Relations and Cooperation. Belgrade.
170) Sanger, D. E. (2002, Sep. 8), Blair,Meeting with Bush, Fully Endorses U.S. Plans for Ending Iraqi Threat. N.Y.Times, p. at23.
171) Sassoli, M. (2005), Legislation and Maintenance of Public Order and Civil Life by Occupying Powers. EJIL, 16(4), 661.
172) Satter, R. &. (2017), Ukraine Soldiers Bombarded by ‘Pinpoint Propaganda’Texts. Associated Press, May 11.
173) Saum, K. (2018), “Chapter 3: Small State UW Doctrine: Feasibility and Application for National Defense. In K. D. Stringer, Resistance Views: Essays on Unconventional Warfare and Small State Resistance. MacDill Air Force Base, Fla.: The JSOU Press,.
174) SC.Res. (1990), SC Res. 662 (1990), 9 August 1990, para. 2 (non-recognition of the Iraqi annexation of Kuwait. New York: UN.
175) SC.Res., 1 (1978), 439 (1978), 13 November 1978, para. 3 (non-recognition of organs established by elections in Namibia. New York: UN.
176) SC.Res., 1 (1980), SC Res 478 (1980), 2 August 1980, para. 5, non-recognition of the Israeli annexation of East Jerusalem. New York: UN.
177) SC.Res., 1 (1985), SC Res. 554 (1985), 17 August 1984, para. 5 (nonrecognition of the results of the so-called ‘elections’ in South Africa. New York: UN.
178) Schachter, O. (1984), The Right of States to Use Armed Force. 82 MICH. L. REV., 1620, 1629.
179) Schloterbeck, M. (2019), Golan Druze Resistance to Israeli Forced Citizenship. Global Nonviolent Action Database , June 17.
180) Scobbie, I (1995), H2O After Oslo II: Legal Aspects of Water in the Occupied Territories, L. 8 PALESTINE Y.B. INT’L, 79, 92.
181) Shah, S. (1997), On the Road to Apartheid: The Bypass Road Network in the West Bank. 29 COLUM. HUM. RTS. L. REV. 221, 283.
182) Shaw, M. (1978), The Western Sahara Case,. 44 BRIT. ,Y.B. INT'L L., 118.
183) Stahn, C. (2001), The UN Transitional Administrations in Kosovo & East Timor : A First Analysis. Max Plank UNYB, Vol.5, 139, 143.
184) STAHN, C. (2003), Terrorist Acts as "Armed Attack": The Right to Self-Defense Article 51(1/2) of the UN Charter & Int`l Terrorism. Young Scholars Conference, Yale Law School, March ,THE FLETCHER FORUM OF WORLD AFFAIRSVOL.27:2 SUMMER, 40.
185) State, U. D. (2015), Bureau of Democracy, H.R. and Lab., Israel 2015 HRs Report 108. https://www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/humanrightsreport/index.htm?dynamic_load_id=252929&year=2015#-wrapper.
186) Statement. (1999), On the Investigation & Prosecution of Crimes Committed in Kosovo. Hague: ICTY, http://www.icty.org.
187) Statement, M. (2003), UN Doc. S/PV.4726 at 7 (Mar. 26. New York: UN.
188) States, L. L. (2003), UN Doc. S/2003/365. New York: UN.
189) Stauffer, B. (2024, May/June 23 April),War Unbound: Gaza Ukraine , & the Breakdown of Int`l L. Foreign Affairs- by Oona A. Hathaway, p. 1.
190) Stringer, K. D. (2021), Force Integration in Resistance Operations: Dutch Jedburghs and US Alamo Scouts. Joint Force Quarterly 102 (July), 90-95.
191) Stringer, K. D. (2023), Urban Resistance to Occupation: An Underestimated Element of Land Warfare. The US Army War College Quarterly: Parameters, Volume 53, Number 3 , Autumn, Article 14 ,P.112.
192) Switzerland, S. (2003), UN Doc. S/PV.4721 at30. New York: UN.
193) Szpak, A. (2017), Legal classification of the armed conflict in Ukraine in light of int`l humanitarian. Hungarian Journal of Legal Studies 58, No 3, 267.
194) Tadlock, R. D. (2004), Comment, Occupation Law and Foreign Investiment in Iraq: How an Outdated Doctrine Has Become an Obstacle to Occupied Populations. 39 U.S.F.L. REV., 227.
195) Talmon, S. (2006), The Duty Not to ‘Recognize as Lawful’ a Situation Created by the Illegal Use of Force or Other Serious Breaches of a Jus Cogens Obligation: An Obligation without Real Substance? Oxford Legal Studies Research, 106.
196) Tams, C. J. (2005),The Light Treatment of a Complex Problem - The Law of Self-Defence in the Israeli Wall Case -.ESIL Research Forum on International Law, Institute of Int`l Studies (HEI), Geneva, 26-28 May, 6.
197) T. N. (2002), The National Security Strategy of the USA 15 (Sept. 17. Washington: http://www.whitehouse.gov/nsc/nss.pdf.
198) U.S., Dep. of State (2003) , A Performance-Based Roadmap to a Permanent Two-State Solution to the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict, Press Statement Office of the Spokesman ,Washington, DC, Apr. 30 . https://2001-2009.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2003/20062.htm
199) UN, C. o. (2019), The Economic Costs of the Israeli Occupation for the Palestinian People: The Unrealized Oil and Natural Gas Potential. New York: UN , P.15, 25.
200) UNGA. (1967), 1548th Plenary Meeting Held at Headquarters,. New York: UN, 4 July.
201) UNGA Res., 1. & (n.d.), GA Res.,3414(1975) & 32/20(1977) & 33/29(1978) & 34/70(1979) & 35/122(1980) & 36/226(1981) & 40/168(1985) & 43/54(1988) & 44/40(1989) & 45/83(1990) & 47/63(1992). hague: UN.
202) UNGA, 1. (1992), Res 47/121 (18 December 1992) UN Doc A/RES/47/121. New York: UN.
203) UNGA, 2. (2017), ES-10/19 Status of Jerusalem , 21 December. New York: UN.
204) United Nations-Habitat, F. a. (2015), Spatial Planning in Area C of the Israeli Occupied West Bank of the Palestin Territory Report of an Int`l Advisory Board. UN , May.
205) UNSC. (1971), SC Res.276. Hague: UN.
206) UNSC Res., 1. (1999), UNMIK. Newyork: UNSC.
207) USA Web., P. C. (2000), USA Institute of Peace & National Uni. of Ireland, Galway, Irish Centre for HRs. National, http://www.usip.org.
208) Vick, K. (2003, Feb. 1), Turkey and U.S. Closer on Troops. Wash.Post, p. at A16.
209) Voon, T. (2002), Closing the Gap Between Legitimacy and Legality of Humanitarian Intervention: Lessons from East Timor and Kosovo,. 7 UCLA J. INT’L L. & FOREIGN AFF. 31, 48-52.
210) Wal, A. E. (2008), Was the 2003 Invasion of Iraq Legal? Int`l L. Studies , Vol.86, 77.
211) Walker, P. J. (2004), Iraq, Rule of Law: Iraq, Failed States and the Law of Occupation. 33 INT'L L.NEWS 1 (Winter).
212) Wall, A. E. (2010), Was the 2003 Invasion of Iraq Legal? Int`l L. Studies , Vol.86, 73.
213) Wedgwood, R. (1998), The Enforcement of SC Res. 687: The Threat of Force against Iraq’s Weapons of Mass -Destruction. 92 AM. J. I. L., 724, 726.
214) Weston, H. (1991), The Relevance of Int`l Law to Palestinian Rights in the West Bank and Gaza: In Legal Defense of the Intifada. 32 HARV. INT’L L. J., 129.155.
215) Wheatley, S. (2006), The SC, Democratic Legitimacy and Regime Change in Iraq. The EJIL Vol. 17 no.3, 533.
216) Wikipedia (1999), Kosovo War . https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/.
217) Wolfrum, R. (2005), Iraq – from Belligerent Occupation to Iraqi Exercise of Sovereignty: Foreign Power versus Int`l Community Interference. Max Planck UNYB 9, 37,42.
218) Zur, Y. (2018), Israel’s Creeping Annexation: Knesset Votes to Extend Israeli Law to Academic Institutions in the West Bank”. Haaretz, 12 Feb.
Volume 08 Issue 03 March 2025
There is an Open Access article, distributed under the term of the Creative Commons Attribution – Non Commercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0) (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), which permits remixing, adapting and building upon the work for non-commercial use, provided the original work is properly cited.
Our Services and Policies
Authors should prepare their manuscripts according to the instructions given in the authors' guidelines. Manuscripts which do not conform to the format and style of the Journal may be returned to the authors for revision or rejected.
The Journal reserves the right to make any further formal changes and language corrections necessary in a manuscript accepted for publication so that it conforms to the formatting requirements of the Journal.
International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Analysis will publish 12 monthly online issues per year,IJMRA publishes articles as soon as the final copy-edited version is approved. IJMRA publishes articles and review papers of all subjects area.
Open access is a mechanism by which research outputs are distributed online, Hybrid open access journals, contain a mixture of open access articles and closed access articles.
International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Analysis initiate a call for research paper for Volume 08 Issue 04 (April 2025).
PUBLICATION DATES:
1) Last Date of Submission : 26 April 2025.
2) Article published within a week.
3) Submit Article : editor@ijmra.in or Online
Why with us
1 : IJMRA only accepts original and high quality research and technical papers.
2 : Paper will publish immediately in current issue after registration.
3 : Authors can download their full papers at any time with digital certificate.
The Editors reserve the right to reject papers without sending them out for review.
Authors should prepare their manuscripts according to the instructions given in the authors' guidelines. Manuscripts which do not conform to the format and style of the Journal may be returned to the authors for revision or rejected. The Journal reserves the right to make any further formal changes and language corrections necessary in a manuscript accepted for publication so that it conforms to the formatting requirements of the Journal.